Systems and methods for wi-fi latency reduction in docsis backhaul

ABSTRACT

A wireless communication node includes a receiving portion configured to detect, over a wireless communication channel, a request to send (RTS) message from a transmitting station within a communication vicinity of the wireless communication node. The RTS message includes at least one duration field. The wireless communication node further includes a processor configured to (i) calculate an estimated time parameter, (ii) add the estimated time parameter to a current timestamp of the wireless communication node, and (iii) form a control packet from the RTS message, the at least one duration field, and the estimated time parameter. The wireless communication node further includes a transmitting portion configured to transmit over the wireless communication channel (i) a clear to send (CTS) message the transmitting station, and (ii) the control packet to a modem in operable communication with the wireless communication channel.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/950,815, filed Apr. 11, 2018. U.S. application Ser. No. 15/950,815 isa continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/910,798, filedMar. 2, 2018. U.S. application Ser. No. 15/910,798 claims the benefit ofand priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/466,098,filed Mar. 2, 2017. U.S. application Ser. No. 15/950,815 also claims thebenefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/484,196, filed Apr. 11, 2017. The disclosures of all of these priorapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

The field of the disclosure relates generally to wireless communicationnetworks, and more particularly, to wireless communication networksutilizing carrier sense multiple access (CSMA).

CSMA with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a network multiple accessmethod, sometimes referred to as “listen-before-talk” (LBT), in whichnodes utilize carrier sensing, but attempt to avoid collisions bytransmitting only when the channel is sensed to be idle (i.e., not beingused). The CSMA/CA protocol typically operates in the data link layer ofthe telecommunication model of the network. Conventional Wi-Fi, LongTerm Evolution (LTE) Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFiretechnologies have recently adopted the CSMA/CA scheme as a mechanism formedium access control (MAC). In such conventional schemes, atransmitter/transceiver of a node defers its transmission (when anothernode is detected) and applies an additional back off time beforestarting its own transmission. During this back off time, the nodemonitors the channel and performs clear channel assessment (CCA). If thechannel is not busy at the end of this period, thetransmitter/transceiver initiates transmission. The transmitting nodethen monitors the environment using uniform a beam-pattern, listeningfor transmissions from all directions.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional wirelesstransmission system 100 employing CSMA/CA for a uniform beam pattern 102radiating from a central transmitter 104. System 100 implements aCSMA/CA protocol in a Wi-Fi/LTE LAA environment. Central transmitter 104is, for example, a transmitting access point (AP). System 100 includesan intended mobile user 106, which wirelessly receives signals fromcentral transmitter 104 over a communication link 108 underconsideration. System 100 further includes a plurality of neighboringAPs 110 and a plurality of neighboring mobile users 112, respectivelycommunicating over neighboring links 114.

In this example, the respective APs and mobile users are illustrated ashaving multiple antennas. In practical operation, a given AP willtypically have more antennas and more signal processing capability thana typical mobile user. Operation of neighboring APs 110 and neighboringmobile users 112 generates interferences 116 to and from centraltransmitter 104. Because beam pattern 102 is uniform in all directionsfrom central transmitter 104, central transmitter backs off equally inthe respective focus direction of each interference 116, when detected,and therefore represents an inefficient application of transmissionresources.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a wireless communication node includes a transmittingportion configured to transmit over a wireless communication channel aplurality of data packets to a first neighboring node, a receivingportion configured to detect the first neighboring node, and a processorconfigured to calculate a beamforming vector for the first neighboringnode and direct the transmitting portion to transmit the plurality ofdata packets to the first neighboring node with beamforming based on thecalculated beamforming vector.

In an embodiment, a method for transmitting over a wirelesscommunication channel is provided. The method is implemented by a firstnode employing a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol. Themethod includes steps of detecting channel state information of a secondnode within a transmission vicinity of the first node, calculating abeamforming vector to transmit data from the first node to the secondnode, performing clear channel assessment on the wireless communicationchannel using the calculated beamforming vector, measuring an averagereceived power of the wireless communication channel based on the clearchannel assessment, determining that the measured average received powerof the wireless communication channel is less than a predeterminedenergy detection threshold, and initiating, by the first node, a datatransmission with beamforming over the wireless communication channel.

In an embodiment, a wireless communication node includes a receivingportion configured to detect, over a wireless communication channel, arequest to send (RTS) message from a transmitting station within acommunication vicinity of the wireless communication node. The RTSmessage includes at least one duration field. The wireless communicationnode further includes a processor configured to (i) calculate anestimated time parameter, (ii) add the estimated time parameter to acurrent timestamp of the wireless communication node, and (iii) form acontrol packet from the RTS message, the at least one duration field,and the estimated time parameter. The wireless communication nodefurther includes a transmitting portion configured to transmit over thewireless communication channel (i) a clear to send (CTS) message thetransmitting station, and (ii) the control packet to a modem in operablecommunication with the wireless communication channel.

In an embodiment, a method is provided for transmitting over a wirelesscommunication channel implementing Wi-Fi transmissions in a Data OverCable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) backhaul by a first nodeemploying a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol. The methodincludes steps of receiving a request to send (RTS) message from asecond node transmitting within a vicinity of the first node, whereinthe RTS message includes a duration field, calculating an estimated timeparameter based at least in part on the duration field, forming acontrol packet from the received RTS message and the estimated timeparameter, and transmitting (i) a clear to send (CTS) message to thesecond node, and (ii) the control packet to at least one modem device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become better understood when the following detaileddescription is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in whichlike characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional wirelesstransmission system employing CSMA/CA for a uniform beam pattern.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wireless transmission systememploying CSMA/CA using a beamforming pattern, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram of an exemplary transmission process forthe system depicted in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a sequence diagram for an exemplary coexistence process whichmay be implemented for a non-beamforming transmission, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram for an exemplary coexistence process whichmay be implemented for a beamforming transmission, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a sequence diagram for an exemplary latency reduction process,according to an embodiment.

Unless otherwise indicated, the drawings provided herein are meant toillustrate features of embodiments of this disclosure. These featuresare believed to be applicable in a wide variety of systems including oneor more embodiments of this disclosure. As such, the drawings are notmeant to include all conventional features known by those of ordinaryskill in the art to be required for the practice of the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following specification and claims, reference will be made to anumber of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where the event occurs and instances where it does not.

Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification andclaims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation thatcould permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basicfunction to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a termor terms, such as “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are notto be limited to the precise value specified. In at least someinstances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision ofan instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout thespecification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/orinterchanged; such ranges are identified and include all the sub-rangescontained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise.

“User equipment” includes an electronic device or system utilizing atechnology protocol such as LTE, and “Wi-Fi device” includes anelectronic device or node, such as an AP, station, or STA, that iscapable of utilizing an existing 802.11 protocol. “Mobile user” mayinclude a user equipment and/or a Wi-Fi device, and may further include,without limitation, one or more of a laptop, a personal computer (PC), apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a Wi-Fi phone, a smartphone, and acellular telephone. The respective nodes and user devices may include atransceiver or transmitter and receiver combination, and/or an802.11-conforming MAC layer and physical (PHY) layer interface to awireless medium.

The following description features systems and methods for incorporatingthe spatial properties of a channel transmission in a CSMA scheme, whichmay include a CSMA/CA access system. The present embodiments relate tooperation and management of a transmitter or transceiver using thespatial properties of the transmission channel, and methods forefficient coexistence of neighboring nodes utilizing CSMA/CA.

In the exemplary embodiment, a CSMA strategy is implemented for atransmitting node employing beamforming to focus the node's transmissionenergy in a spatial direction of interest to reduce the interferencefrom and to other nodes. RTS, CTS, and ACK frame transmissions may betransmitted according to conventional techniques, without beamforming,to allow continued measurement of potential interferers. Through theadvantageous techniques described herein, spatial diversity of thechannel is utilized to enable increased communication in densedeployments of nodes.

Recent wireless technologies employ multiple antennas to increasethroughput and/or improve robustness. Beamforming is a multiple antennatransmission technique that focuses radiated energy in the direction(s)of interest to provide additional gains at the receiver. The systems andmethods herein advantageously employ beamforming to focus the signal ofthe transmitter in limited directions, that is, more in some directionsthan others. The signal therefore will not cause uniform interference toother nodes in all directions. Hence, because it is inefficient for thetransmitter to back off signals in all directions at the same energydetection level, the transmitter of the present embodiments backs offonly in directions overlapping with its beamformed transmission.

The present embodiments achieve beamforming transmission primarily intwo different ways: (1) based on the channel measurement of the reverselink and making use of channel reciprocity (applicable, for example,with time division duplex (TDD)); or (2) based on the channelmeasurement and feedback from the receiver. In either way, the radiatedenergy is focused along main reflected paths, toward an intended node,thereby reducing interference to other users/nodes, as shown in FIG. 2,below.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wireless transmission system 200employing CSMA/CA, and using a beamforming pattern 202 transmitting froma central transmitter 204. System 200 is architecturally similar tosystem 100, FIG. 1, and also implements a CSMA/CA protocol in aWi-Fi/LTE LAA environment, but implements beamforming instead of auniform beam pattern. In an exemplary embodiment, central transmitter204 is a transmitting access point (AP). System 100 includes an intendedmobile user 206, which wirelessly receives signals from centraltransmitter 204 over a communication link 208 under consideration.System 200 further includes a plurality of neighboring APs 210 and aplurality of neighboring mobile users 212, respectively communicatingover neighboring links 214. As illustrated, the respective APs andmobile users have multiple antennas, but may have more or fewer, and aparticular AP may have more antennas and signal processing capabilitythan a particular mobile user.

Operation of neighboring APs 210 and neighboring mobile users 212generates interferences 216 to and from central transmitter 204.Different from system 100 though, the transmitted energy frombeamforming pattern 202 is focused in relatively few directions insystem 200, and particularly focused in the direction of intended mobileuser 206. Accordingly, by advantageously utilizing the spatialproperties of the channel and beamforming pattern 202, it issignificantly more likely that unintended users (i.e., neighboring APs210 and neighboring mobile users 212) will observe considerably lessinterference 216 from central transmitter 204 employing beamforming,than would neighboring users under the conventional system 100 employinga uniform beam pattern. According to this advantageous architecture andtechnique, the transmitted energy of central transmitter 204 is directedtoward intended mobile user 206, and would only back off whenexperiencing interference in the direction of beamforming pattern 202,or significant overlap of energy in portions thereof. Energy and powerof central transmitter 204 may therefore be more efficiently managed anddistributed according to the actual energy radiated a given direction.

In operation of the exemplary embodiment, central transmitter 204acquires channel vector information of intended mobile user 206, andthen performs CCA using the channel vector instead of the uniformchannel sensing employed in system 100. CCA using the channel vectorthus provides more accurate information regarding the interference thatwill actually be caused by central transmitter 204 along the channelvector. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the effect of interference 216 greatlyvaries but according to the energy level actually radiated in thedirection of the respective portions of beamforming pattern 202. In thisexample, the effect of interferences 216(1) and 216(4) is almostnonexistent, while the effect of interferences 216(2) and 216(3) isrelatively minimal, since interferences 216(2) and 216(3) each onlyoverlap relatively minor portions of beamforming pattern 202.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram of an exemplary transmission process 300for system 200, FIG. 2. The exemplary embodiment, process 300 may beimplemented by the MAC layer or PHY layer (not shown in this example) ofcentral transmitter 206 in system 200, or a processor thereof. Inoperation, process 300 begins at step 302, in which the reverse linkchannel is measured. In some embodiments of step 302, the reverse linkchannel is measured with sounding. In other embodiments of step 302 thereverse link channel is measured from the preamble.

In step 304, the beamforming vector w_(u) is calculated to transmit datato a user u (i.e., intended mobile user 206, FIG. 2. In step 306, as animprovement over conventional beamforming techniques, process 300performs CCA using the beamforming vector w_(u), and the received powertherefrom, P_(CCA), is then represented by

$P_{CCA} = {E{\left\{ {{w\begin{matrix}H \\u\end{matrix}y}}^{2} \right\}.}}$

Step 308 is a decision step. In step 308, process 300 determines if thereceived power P_(CCA) is less than an energy detection threshold(ED_(threshold)). If P_(CCA)<ED_(threshold), then process 300 proceedsto step 310. If P_(CCA)≥ED_(threshold), then process 300 engages a backoff scheme and returns to step 306.

In step 310, upon completion of CCA performance, process 300 transmits ashort message, or an RTS/CTS exchange in the conventional manner,without having to use the beamforming vector w_(u). In step 312, process300 initiates transmission (i.e., by central transmitter 204, FIG. 2) ifa CTS or an ACK is received at the receiver or receiving portion (notseparately shown) of central transmitter 204. These steps are describedfurther below with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5.

According to the advantageous techniques of process 300, CSMA is moreefficiently implemented with respect to a beamforming vector. That is,in an exemplary embodiment, it may be assumed that a transmitting node(e.g., central transmitter 204, FIG. 2) obtains channel stateinformation for a receiver (e.g., intended mobile user 206) frommeasurement of, or feedback from, the receiver. From this channel stateinformation, the transmitting node advantageously calculates thebeamforming vector w=[w₀, w₁, . . . , w_(N−1)], where N is the number oftransmitting antennas. When a received signal from other nodes isreceived containing detected ACK and/or CTS messages, a potential“victim node” may be identified.

Further in this technique, received vector y is similarly defined asy=[y₀, y₁, . . . , y_(N−1)]. Accordingly, the CCA performanceeffectively measures the average power P_(CCA) according toP_(CCA)=E{|w^(H)y|²}, and the back off scheme engages if this measuredpower is greater than the energy detection threshold ED_(threshold).

The present inventor contemplates that future implementations of thepresent embodiments may seek to maximize the efficiency of thetransmission exclusively in the direction of the beamforming focus, suchthat the potential interferers may not hear the ongoing transmission(e.g., outside of war not overlapping with the focus of beamformingpattern 202, FIG. 2). Accordingly, as explained further below withrespect to FIG. 4, a transmitting node according to the systems andmethods herein may be further configured to transmit RTS, CTS, andACK/NACK frames, messages, or transmissions apart from the beamformingto mitigate this potential problem.

FIG. 4 is a sequence diagram for an exemplary coexistence process 400which may be implemented for a non-beamforming transmission. In anexemplary embodiment, process 400 illustrates steps relating to anon-beamforming transmission from a transmitting node 402 to a receivingnode 404 in the vicinity of an interferer candidate node 406. That is,transmitting node 402 is configured to implement beamforming, butinterferer candidate node 406 does not implement beamforming. Whenimplemented, process 400 may execute the following steps, which are notnecessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearlydesignated as being dependent on a prior step.

In this example, process 400 includes a first transmission subprocess408 and a second transmission subprocess 410. First transmissionsubprocess 408 occurs without beamforming, and second transmissionsubprocess 410 utilizes beamforming in the transmission. Process 400begins with first subprocess 408, and step S412. In step S412,transmitting node 402 transmits RTS data (an “RTS”) to receiving node404. In step S414, receiving node 404 transmits responsive CTS data (a“CTS”) to transmitting node 402. However, as can be seen in the diagramillustrated in FIG. 4, the CTS is also received by interferer candidatenode 406. According to the techniques described herein, at interferercandidate node 406, upon detection of the CTS (i.e., from step S414(B))CCA may be performed, and interferer candidate node 406 may beconfigured to, in step S416, defer its transmission due to detection ofthe CTS. In an exemplary embodiment, for all of the relevanttransmissions of first transmission subprocess 408 (i.e., data packetsor ACK packets), the preamble of the respective packet is transmittedwithout beamforming to allow other nodes to detect the ongoingtransmission. The RTS/CTS messages are also transmitted withoutbeamforming.

Upon detection of the CTS by transmitting node 402 (i.e., from stepS414(A)), transmitting node 402 initiates second transmission subprocess410 to implement beamforming. Second transmission subprocess begins atstep S418, where transmitting node 402 calculates the beamformingvector. Second transmission subprocess 410 then proceeds to step S420,where transmitting node 402 transmits one or more data transmissionswith beamforming to receiving node 404. Upon receipt of the datatransmission(s) with beamforming, receiving node 404 transmits an ACK totransmitting node 402.

Thus, according to the advantageous techniques described herein, aninnovative CSMA strategy is provided for a transmitting node to anemployee beamforming to focus its energy toward a spatial direction ofinterest, thereby reducing interference to other neighboring nodes inthe vicinity. Because other neighboring nodes may still transmit energyin all directions (e.g., where the neighboring nodes employ a uniformbeam pattern), and intended receiver may still experience interference,and not hear the transmitted signal. The advantageous process describedwith respect to FIG. 4 significantly mitigates this potential problem.

According to process 400, transmitting nodes that intend to begintransmission with beamforming will advantageously first exchange smalldata packets and/or ACK packets, or RTS/CTS messages, withoutbeamforming to announce the impending transmission. This exchange ofsmall amounts of data will require some additional energy from thetransmitting node, but this additional transmission energy issignificantly less than the amount of transmission energy saved throughthe efficient use of beamforming described herein.

FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram for an exemplary coexistence process 500which may be implemented for a beamforming transmission. In an exemplaryembodiment, process 500 illustrates steps relating to a beamformingtransmission from a transmitting node 502 to a receiving node 504 in thevicinity of an interferer candidate transmitter node 506 and aninterferer candidate receiver node 508 that also employ beamforming.When implemented, process 500 may execute the following steps, which arenot necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where soclearly designated as being dependent on a prior step.

Process 500 begins at step S510. In step S510, transmitting node 502transmits an RTS to receiving node 504. In step S512, receiving node 504transmits a responsive CTS to transmitting node 502. Upon detection ofthe CTS by transmitting node 502 (i.e., from step S512(A)), transmittingnode 502 performs transmission processing similar to second transmissionsubprocess 410, FIG. 4. That is, in step S514, transmitting node 502calculates the beamforming vector, and in step S516, transmitting node502 transmits one or more data transmissions with beamforming toreceiving node 504. Process 500 then differs from second transmissionsubprocess 410, in that upon receipt of the data transmission(s) withbeamforming, in step S518, receiving node 504 is configured to calculatethe beamforming vector from the received data transmission(s). In stepS520, receiving node 504 then transmits an ACK transmission withbeamforming to transmitting node 502. This ACK transmission is thusdifferent from that described above with respect to process 400 (i.e.,step S422), in that the ACK of process 400 is not transmitted withbeamforming (or the beamforming is optional).

Referring back to step S512, as can be seen in the diagram illustratedin FIG. 5, the CTS is also received by interferer candidate transmitternode 506. Therefore, in an exemplary embodiment, at step S522,interferer candidate transmitter node 506, upon detection of the CTS(i.e., from step S512(B)), performs CCA with a beamforming vectortargeting interferer candidate receiver node 508. In step S524,interferer candidate transmitter node 506 transmits one or more datatransmissions with beamforming to interferer candidate receiver node508. In step S528, interferer candidate receiver node 508 then transmitsan ACK transmission with beamforming to interferer candidate transmitternode 506. In an exemplary embodiment, and similar to process 400, FIG.4, preambles may be transmitted without beamforming to allow other nodesto detect the ongoing transmission. In some embodiments, the RTS/CTSmessages may also be transmitted without beamforming.

Thus, according to the advantageous techniques described herein,innovative CSMA strategies are provided for a transmitting node toemploy beamforming to significantly reduce transmit power in unneededdirections, whether in the vicinity of a neighboring node utilizingbeamforming, or a node that does not utilized beamforming. In theembodiments described above, particular portions thereof may beimplemented alone or in combination with one or more of the otherrespective portions. In some embodiments, the steps of the severalprocesses may be implemented simultaneously, or in succession, exceptwhere a particular order is expressly stated. In the exemplaryembodiments, a transmitter/transceiver or node utilizing beamforming isconfigured to a particular channel of the wireless spectrum, and mayadapt its protocol in order to maintain efficiency through utilizationof the spatial properties of the channel.

Accordingly, the novel systems and methods described above realizesignificant advantages over conventional systems that implement CSMA orutilize beamforming. The present embodiments implement innovativetechniques to more efficiently utilize transmitter power according tothe spatial properties of the channel, and according to the spatial beampattern of neighboring or interfering nodes, when encountered.Algorithms to implement any or all the above described processes ortechniques may be implemented within an application processor, a MACco-processor, or the UMAC/LMAC layers of supporting architecture of astation (STA) and/or an AP, for the respective processor of a nodetransmitter, receiver, or transceiver.

Exemplary embodiments of CSMA protocols using beamforming are describedabove in detail. The systems and methods of this disclosure though, arenot limited to only the specific embodiments described herein, butrather, the components and/or steps of their implementation may beutilized independently and separately from other components and/or stepsdescribed herein.

Latency Reduction of Wi-Fi with DOCSIS Backhaul

As described above with respect to FIG. 4, RTS and CTS messages and dataare utilized to enhance the CSMA processing (as well as virtual carriersensing), and also to resolve issues detected, or “hidden,” nodes. Thatis, when a given node/STA (e.g., transmitting node 402) wants totransmit uplink traffic to an AP (e.g., receiving node 404), it ispossible there are one or more nodes/STAs (e.g., interferer candidatenode 406) that are hidden from the transmitting node/STA, but stillwithin the operational range of the AP. The transmitting STA sends anRTS (e.g., step S412), indicating the request to transmit. In thisinstance, the RTS message further includes an amount of time desired forthe transmission. The receiving AP responds with CTS (e.g., stepS414(A)), indicating to the transmitting STA that it is clear to send.In this instance, the CTS further includes information regarding theamount of time that the transmission medium will be busy. The first STAmay then send data traffic (e.g., data packets in step S420).

For this example, as described above, the hidden STA does not receivethe original RTS, but will receive the CTS (e.g., step S414(B)), sincethe hidden node is within range of the AP, but not within range of thetransmitting STA. Accordingly, the hidden STA will register or identifythe medium as “busy” for the duration indicated in the CTS to avoidcollision with the transmitting STA. However, in the case of a Wi-Fi APconnected to a modem using Data Over Cable Service InterfaceSpecification (DOCSIS) to backhaul traffic (e.g., Internet traffic),additional factors may contribute to the latency effect in the uplinkdata traffic.

FIG. 6 is a sequence diagram for an exemplary latency reduction process600. In an exemplary embodiment, process 600 illustrates steps relatingto an uplink transmission from a transmitting STA 602 to a receivingWi-Fi AP 604 in operable communication with a modem 606. Modem 606 isalso in communication with a modem termination unit (MTS) 608. In theexemplary embodiment, MTS 608 may include one or more of a cable modemtermination system (CMTS), an optical network terminal (ONT), an opticalline terminal (OLT), a network termination unit, a satellite terminationunit, and/or other termination devices and systems. Similarly, modem 606may include one or more of a cable modem (CM), an optical network unit(ONU), a digital subscriber line (DSL) unit/modem, a satellite modem,etc. Optionally, MTS 608 is further in communication with a destinationdevice or network 610, which may be, for example, the Internet.

In operation of process 600, when Wi-Fi AP 604 is connected to modem 606using the DOCSIS article to backhaul traffic, the uplink DOCSIS trafficwill be generally subject to several independent serial operations: (i)STA 602 transmits uplink traffic to Wi-Fi AP 604; (ii) Wi-Fi AP 604forwards received uplink traffic to modem 606; and (iii) and modem 606transmits the uplink traffic on the DOCSIS link, e.g., MTS 608. Process600 advantageously reduces the user plane latency for this Wi-Fi uplinktraffic that is backhauled on the DOCSIS link. Specifically, whenimplemented, process 600 may execute the following steps, which are notnecessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearlydesignated as being dependent on a prior step.

Process 600 begins at step S612. In step S612, STA 602 transmits an RTSframe for a requested transmission. In exemplary operation of step S612,the transmitted RTS frame includes a specified “duration” field toindicate the amount of time required to transmit the data frame. Thisspecified duration for the RTS/CTS virtual carrier sense mechanism isalso referred to as the Network Allocation Vector (NAV). In at leastsome embodiments of step S612, the transmitted RTS frame furtherincludes the time T_(SIFS) required to wait for associated ShortInterframe Space(s) (SIFS, i.e., the amount of time required for awireless interface to process the received frame and to respond with aresponse frame), as well as the time T required to transmit a CTS, thedata, and relevant ACK frame(s). The RTS duration, NAV_(RTS), may beexpressed according to the equation:

NAV_(RTS) =T _(SIFS) +T _(CTS) +T _(SIFS) +T _(data) +T _(SIFS) +T_(ACK)   (Eq. 1)

According to embodiments described above, upon receiving the RTS withthe NAV, Wi-Fi AP 604 will wait the SIFS amount of time, and thentransmit the CTS, which may also include a duration field, NAV_(CTS),according to the equation:

NAV_(CTS) =T _(SIFS) +T _(data) +T _(SIFS) +T _(ACK)   (Eq. 2)

According to process 600 though, prior to transmitting the CTS, Wi-Fi AP604 includes additional steps to be time-synchronized with MTS 608,utilizing, for example, a synchronization protocol. In the exemplaryembodiment, after receiving the RTS in step S612, process 600 causesWi-Fi AP 604 to first execute step S614. In step S614, upon receivingthe RTS frame, Wi-Fi AP 604 calculates and adds an additional timeparameter, ETA, to the current time of Wi-Fi AP 604 according to theequation:

ETA=NAV_(RTS) −T _(SIFS) −T _(ACK).   (Eq. 3)

In step S616, AP 604 then forms a new control packet based upon theoriginal RTS information and the new ETA time parameter. In step S618,AP 604 transmits the CTS frame to STA 602. In step S620, AP 604 forwardsthe new control packet (formed in step S616) to modem 606. In at leastone embodiment, steps S618 and 5620 occur simultaneously. In otherembodiments, steps 5618 and 5620 occur in the opposite order. In stepS622, modem 606 forwards the received new control packet to MTS 608. Inan alternative embodiment, AP 604 includes the ETA time parameter, alongwith a current timestamp, in the subsequent IP packet.

In further operation of process 600, upon receiving the new controlpacket (including the RTS frame and the ETA value in step S622), in stepS624, MTS 608 generates a MAP, in response to receipt of the new controlpacket, to schedule resources for the coming data packet(s), and sendsthe generated MAP to modem 606 for the scheduled transmission of thedata packet(s) from modem 606 to MTS 608 (see step S632, below). Thatis, after receiving the CTS frame in step S618, STA 602 transmits thedata, in step S626, to AP 604. In step S628, AP 604 optionally sends anACK message to STA 602 acknowledging the receipt of one or more datapackets. In step S630, AP 604 forwards the received data to modem 606.Once the data is received by modem 606, process 600 causes modem 606 toschedule data transmission to MTS 608 according to the MAP (from stepS624) and, in step S632, transmit the scheduled data packet(s) to MTS608. Optionally, in step S634, MTS 608 may then forward the scheduleddata packets to destination 610. In this example, the MAP is describedwith respect to cable-specific and/or DOCSIS-specific language, but theperson of ordinary skill in the art will understand, after reading andcomprehending the written description and drawings herein, that the MAPis an exemplary representation of a general scheduling grant, such asmay be provided in other examples of communication systems.

According to the advantageous techniques of process 600, the RTS doesnot need to include the amount of bytes that are to be later transferredby STA 602, such as with the data. In at least one embodiment, process600 is further configured to estimate the amount of by causing AP 604 tokeep track of the modulation coding scheme (MCS) from previoustransmissions. From this MCS, and utilizing the ETA parameter value, AP604 is further enabled to calculate the expected number of bytes thatwill eventually arrive according to the ETA. Thus, since the RTS framesare processed by the MAC layer of AP 604, no additional latency is addedfrom interpreting the RTS (e.g., step S614) or from forming the newcontrol packet (e.g., step S616) by AP 604.

Accordingly, the techniques of process 600 achieve significantadvantages over conventional techniques by, instead of waiting for theuplink data to arrive at the AP, information sent by the transmittingSTA during the setup stage of the Wi-Fi uplink transmission is utilizedto derive the expected time (e.g., ETA) of reception of the packets bythe AP. The ETA may then be further utilized by the modem to start therequest-grantdata processing early on the DOCSIS link, that is beforethe uplink data actually arrives. In some embodiments, the ETA and MAPmay also be utilized for the MTS to determine when to send ajust-in-time grant.

According to the advantageous systems and methods disclosed herein, aWi-Fi device, node, and/or transceiver is capable of implementing theRTS/CTS mechanisms for Wi-Fi transmissions in a DOCSIS backhaul, withoutintroducing further latency. Algorithms to implement any or all theabove described processes may be implemented within one or more of therespective processors of the several system elements, including withoutlimitation, an application processor, a MAC co-processor, or theUMAC/LMAC layers of supporting architecture of a station/STA, node,and/or AP.

Exemplary embodiments of CSMA management of Wi-Fi uplink traffic that isbackhauled on the DOCSIS link are described above in detail. The systemsand methods of this additional disclosure though, are not limited toonly the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, thecomponents and/or steps of their implementation may be utilizedindependently and separately from other components and/or stepsdescribed herein.

Although specific features of various embodiments of the disclosure maybe shown in some drawings and not in others, this convention is forconvenience purposes and ease of description only. In accordance withthe principles of the disclosure, a particular feature shown in adrawing may be referenced and/or claimed in combination with features ofthe other drawings.

Some embodiments involve the use of one or more electronic or computingdevices. Such devices typically include a processor or controller, suchas a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a reduced instruction setcomputer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), a field programmable gatearray (FPGA), a digital signal processing (DSP) device, and/or any othercircuit or processor capable of executing the functions describedherein. The processes described herein may be encoded as executableinstructions embodied in a computer readable medium, including, withoutlimitation, a storage device and/or a memory device. Such instructions,when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least aportion of the methods described herein. The above examples areexemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way thedefinition and/or meaning of the term “processor.”

This written description uses examples to disclose the embodiments,including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the embodiments, including making and using any devicesor systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scopeof the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include otherexamples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples areintended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structuralelements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, orif they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantialdifferences from the literal language of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless communication node, comprising: areceiving portion configured to detect, over a wireless communicationchannel, a request to send (RTS) message from a transmitting stationwithin a communication vicinity of the wireless communication node,wherein the RTS message includes at least one duration field; aprocessor configured to (i) calculate an estimated time parameter, (ii)add the estimated time parameter to a current timestamp of the wirelesscommunication node, and (iii) form a control packet from the RTSmessage, the at least one duration field, and the estimated timeparameter; and a transmitting portion configured to transmit over thewireless communication channel (i) a clear to send (CTS) message thetransmitting station, and (ii) the control packet to a modem in operablecommunication with the wireless communication channel.
 2. The wirelesscommunication node of claim 1, wherein the receiving portion is furtherconfigured to receive one or more data packets from the transmittingstation, and wherein the transmitting portion is further configured toforward the received one or more data packets to the modem.
 3. Thewireless communication node of claim 2, wherein the control packet isconfigured to enable a modem termination system (MTS) in communicationwith the modem to synchronize with the wireless communication node. 4.The wireless communication node of claim 3, wherein the control packetis further configured to trigger the MTS to generate a MAP to send tothe modem.
 5. The wireless communication node of claim 4, wherein theprocessor is further configured to cause the modem, upon receipt of theforwarded one or more data packets, to schedule the one or more datapackets from the modem to the MTS according to the MAP.
 6. The wirelesscommunication node of claim 2, wherein the duration field of the RTSmessage comprises a network allocation vector NAV_(RTS).
 7. The wirelesscommunication node of claim 6, wherein the RTS and CTS messages includea plurality of short interframe spaces (SIFS), wherein the wirelesscommunication node is further configured to transmit at least one ACKmessage to the transmitting station, and wherein the NAV_(RTS) isexpressed according to:NAV_(RTS) =T _(SIFS) +T _(CTS) +T _(SIFS) +T _(data) +T _(SIFS) +T_(ACK), where T_(SIFS) is the time required to transmit one or more ofthe plurality of SIFS, T_(CTS) is the time required to transmit the CTS,T_(RTS) is the time required to transmit the RTS, T_(data) is the timerequired to transmit the one or more data packets, and T_(ACK) is thetime required to transmit the at least one ACK message.
 8. The wirelesscommunication node of claim 7, wherein the CTS message includes aduration field NAV_(CTS) is expressed according to:NAV_(CTS) =T _(SIFS) +T _(data) +T _(SIFS) +T _(ACK).
 9. The wirelesscommunication node of claim 7, wherein the estimated time parameter ETAis expressed according to:ETA=NAV_(RTS) −T _(SIFS) −T _(ACK).
 10. The wireless communication nodeof claim 1, wherein the wireless communication node comprises a Wi-Fiaccess point.
 11. The wireless communication node of claim 1, whereinthe wireless communication node is configured to implement a Data OverCable Service Interface Specification protocol to backhaul data traffic.12. The wireless communication node of claim 1, wherein the processor isfurther configured to implement a carrier sense multiple access withcollision detection protocol.
 13. The wireless communication node ofclaim 1, wherein the modem comprises one or more of a cable modem, anoptical network unit, a digital subscriber line unit, and a satellitemodem.
 14. The wireless communication node of claim 3, wherein the MTScomprises one or more of a cable modem termination system, an opticalnetwork terminal, an optical line terminal, a network termination unit,and a satellite termination unit.
 15. A method for transmitting over awireless communication channel implementing Wi-Fi transmissions in aData Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) backhaul by afirst node employing a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol,the method comprising the steps of: receiving a request to send (RTS)message from a second node transmitting within a vicinity of the firstnode, wherein the RTS message includes a duration field; calculating anestimated time parameter based at least in part on the duration field;forming a control packet from the received RTS message and the estimatedtime parameter; and transmitting (i) a clear to send (CTS) message tothe second node, and (ii) the control packet to at least one modemdevice.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising a step of causingthe modem device to forward the control packet to a modem terminationsystem (MTS) device.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising astep of triggering the MTS device to generate a MAP for scheduling datatransmission from the modem device.
 18. The method of claim 17, furthercomprising, after the step of transmitting the CTS message, a step ofcausing the modem device to transmit one or more data packets, receivedfrom the second node, to the MTS device according to the generated MAP.19. The method of claim 18, further comprising a step of enabling theMTS device to forward the scheduled one or more data packets to theInternet.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the modem comprises one ormore of a cable modem, an optical network unit, a digital subscriberline unit, and a satellite modem, and wherein the MTS device comprisesone or more of a cable modem termination system, an optical networkterminal, an optical line terminal, a network termination unit, and asatellite termination unit.